Of Mice And Men Lennies Worst Enemy Is His Own Strength Essays

Of Mice And Men: Lenni'es Worst Enemy Is His Own Strength Lennie Small is a gentle giant who possesses and almost superhuman strength that ultimately leads to tragedy. We first read about Lennie's great strength in the opening scene when he has killed, probably by accident, the pet mouse he has in his pocket. We learn that it is not the first time Lennie has killed pets. During the same scene, Steinbeck compares him to a bear and a horse, both strong animals. This imagery of Lennie as an animal continues. He is also compared to a terrier, indicating that he is a faithful and loyal companion to George. Steinbeck makes his characters pick up the animal references too. When George tells the boss that Lennie is: Strong as a ball, Lennie repeats the statement. The repetition has the effect of again giving the reader clues that Lennie's strength ill be significant to the development of the story. Steinbeck fully develops the animal comparison at the end by drawing a parallel between candy and his no longer useful old dog, and George as the master of the dog-like Lennie, who can no longer be useful after he has accidentally killed Curley's wife. All the other characters witness Lennie's strength sooner or later. George mentions it frequently, and Slim says: ? I never seen such a worker. He damn near killed his partner bukin' barley. There ain't nobody can keep up with him. God almighty, I never seen such a strong guy. Demonstrations of Lennie's strength continue with details of the incident in Weed when Lennie is accused of assaulting a girl, which we do not witness, the mangling of Curley's first, and the accidental killing of both the puppy and Curley's wife. There are times with Lennie's strength is a positive advantage, however, and, if harnessed appropriately, which George attempts to do as much as he can, it is a virtue. As long as Lennie keeps quiet at interviews and lets George do the talking, he makes and excellent impression as a worker and probably contributes greatly to ensuring that the pair continue to find work during a period of very high unemployment during the Great Depressions. He is also able to defend himself, which George calls upon him to do when Curley attacks him for no real reason. Sadly, this could be a useful attribute to have in places where many unhappy men are cooped up together with few opportunities to take a break from each other. The problem of Lennie's strength, therefore, is his lack of ability to control it, and it is important not to overlook that Lennie's brutal actions are never intentional. As Slim notices: He ain't mean. I can see Lennie ain't a bit mean. And as Lennie says to George: I don't want no trouble? Don't let him sock me, George. Lennie's endearing qualities and lack of aggression are never better demonstrated than when George tells Lennie that should Curley try to fight him, he should let 'im have it, and Lennie replies: 'Let 'im have what, George?' If Lennie had Curley's mean temperament, he really would be dangerous. Only when the dream of living off the fat of the land seems realizable does Lennie show and signs of aggression. Even then, the objects of his anger are imaginary cats that could threaten imaginary rabbits. Lennie's lack of control over his own strength would probably be limited to the harm he innocently inflicts on his pets if he lived and worked in more sympathetic surroundings but the ranch is a hostile place, full of desperate characters where inequalities of power and property are very apparent and exploited. If Curley and his father, the boss, were kinder and if Curley treated his wife with the respect he should have shown toward her, the tragic conclusion would not have occurred. English Essays

Colonialism Again essays

Colonialism Again essays Imperialism during this era was performed by the Great European Powers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who sought to extend and maintain control or influence over the weaker nations of the world, particularly in Asia and Africa. The practice of imperialism, by July 1914 had managed to encompass more than half the land surface of the earth and a third of the global population. (Anzsprenger 13). . The motivation for such undertakings lay in their desire to obtain both living space and the extraction of riches from colonized territories. With the advent of WWI, however, colonial expansionism was brought to an abrupt halt as fighting erupted in Europe between the Great Powers. This battle, which would later be referred to as The Great War, saw Empires call upon their colonized subjects for the purpose of fighting on their behalf. The result was that millions of foreign troops came forth from the Empires and converged upon European battlefields; in addition, although the colonies were more than compliant to aid their masters, the war would eventually turn out to have dire consequences for imperialism as empires began to break apart in the decades following the conflict. How had WWI aided in the dissolution of the colonial empires? Was it simply the weakened state of the Great Powers following the war? Or was the disintegration more complex, connected in some way with the changing relationship between colonizer and colonized? I believe that it was this factor that led to colonial dissolution; therefore, this paper seeks to explore how WWI shifted the attitudes of colonized peoples towards their masters from earnest compliance to increasing disdain and animosity. Prior to World War I, Europeans had managed to build colonial empires that roughly covered all land on earth. It was a time of enormous undertaking and occurred within a relatively short period of time when compared to its grand scale. This colon...

Cottage Cheese Experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cottage Cheese Experiment - Essay Example In the experiment, plate counts were used instead of direct microscopic counts or turbidity measurements because of the obvious advantages of the first method. Although plate counts can be tedious and time-consuming, this method is â€Å"relatively easy to perform† and it is â€Å"much more sensitive than turbidimetric measurement† (Brodhagen, 2007). This means that with plate counts, a relatively more accurate bacterial count can be obtained compared to obtaining turbidity measurements. The only disadvantages with plate counts, however, include the lengthy incubation period required for the colonies to grow and become visible, and the possibility of crowding of colonies which will most likely require serial dilution (Abedon, 2003). Nevertheless, these disadvantages do not compare to those of direct microscopic counts and turbidity measurements. In direct microscopic counts, the number of living cells cannot be distinguished from the dead cells, which may be included in the count (Brodhagen, 2007). In the same way, turbidity measurements may not fare well in the bacterial count as clumps of cottage cheese may not be distinguishable from the mass of cells that is expected to block of intercept light (Brodhagen, 2007). These two methods – direct microscopic count and turbidity measurement – are actually less time-consuming than plate counts, but the disadvantages simply outweigh this advantage. The goal of the cottage cheese experiment after all is accuracy and not speed. When it comes to the difference between the control cottage cheese and the experiment cottage cheese, the difference cannot be exactly determined due to insufficiency of data. Basically we need more information on the consistency or lumpiness of the cheeses, their gross appearance after the experiment and perhaps differences in texture, temperature and other aspects. The most obvious difference is that control cheese has no preservative added but experimental cheese has. It then follows that if this is the only difference between the two, then this is a fair test.   Besides, both cheeses have been subjected to the same variables – the same temperature and incubation period lengths, and assuming the same mode of preparation.

Toxicant Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Toxicant - Research Paper Example With such a profile, one would expect that there would be no intake of the metal in humans. However, the metal that is a common pollutant in soil, water and air is exposed to humans through these agents as well as food and consumer products (Kacew & Lee, 2013). The greatest exposure occurs through breathing it in or swallowing. Exposure through the air is mainly as a result of motor vehicle exhaust resulting from the use of leaded gasoline (Who. int, 2014). The exhaust avails the lead in air, which is then taken into the body through breathing. Then there are the industrial sources such as lead manufacturing and recycling industries as well as smelters that result in the release of the metal into the air in the process of workings (National Research Council (U.S.), 2013). At home lead paints act as the main source of exposure through the air. The paint chips from the walls or movable objects, creating lead dust. Naturally, lead occurs in small amounts in source water. However, the use of lead plumbing materials has made the metal available in drinking water in large amounts. The pipes leach the metal slowly into the water. Depending on the temperature, acidity and standing time on the water, large concentrations of lead may result from the plumbing with the low detectability of the metal making it prone to consumption (Who.int, 2014). The high cost of removing the old piping propagates this method of exposure. However, the contamination and therefore exposure to lead through water may be the result of secondary pollution of water by industrial effluents (National Research Council (U.S.), 2013). Exposure through foods results from the consumption of foods handled using lead based containers. Lead cans and ceramics provide chippings that are consumed with the food. The presence of lead in the body may be detected by studying blood cells using a microscope for changes or using X-rays with the metal appearing as dense

Guest speaker Presentation write-up topic related to international Essay

Guest speaker Presentation write-up topic related to international financial market - Essay Example When sole proprietors want to increases their source of capital, they can partner with other likeminded entrepreneurs to form what is referred to as partnership. A partnership can get capital from members’ contribution, and loan among many other sources. One advantage of this kind of business is that all members can have full control of the business, and partners can help each other to contribute more capital. Unlike sole proprietorship, the partners do not get 100 percent of the profits as it has to be shared among the partners. The return for individual partners is in the form of profits which are shared. A partnership can increase its capital by selling part of the ownership to the public. Consequently, the partnership becomes a limited company. In this kind of venture, the shareholders get returns in the form of dividends. They are also granted a right to vote, but they do not have direct control of the company, and they do not make day to day decisions. This role is assigned to directors, who are voted by the shareholders. One disadvantage of selling shares to the public is that the profits are reduced, as many shareholders have to be paid dividends. A company is liable to pay corporate tax, while the shareholders are taxed on their dividends. A company has several advantages, including continuity of ownership because the shares are transferable. The shareholders trust the management of the company to the directors through what is referred to as agency relationship. This structure comes with scores of problems, especially because some agents do not act in the interest of the shareholders. A company can expand its capital base by investing overseas (Spadaccini

Retail Market Scenario of Aluminium Foil Industry

Retail Market Scenario of Aluminium Foil Industry ABSTRACT This research is an attempt at understanding the Retail Market Scenario of Aluminium Foil Industry in Mumbai. It studies the distribution channel in the industry, factors that have led to the presence of strong brands like Freshwrappâ„ ¢ and the likes in the Kitchen Foil sector. It also includes a detailed study of the impact of Advertising Sales promotion on Direct Sale and Brand Awareness in the said product category. The main Objectives are to infer whether advertising/ Sales promotion helps Direct Sale and Brand Awareness, to make the awareness of the product to let the customers know, what our product is, its benefit and advantages. How our product is different from competitors product. The methodologies used in the project revolve primarily around primary and secondary data collection via published reports of competitors and via survey (exploratory research). The findings are that the brand awareness of the product has increased more than double within two months duration and now we should promote the specific quality of our product and increase the sales by converting the awareness of the product into sales. About The Company INTRODUTION Name of the Organization: Eggfirst BBN India Advertising Design Pvt. Ltd. Establishment Year-2004 Firm Type-Pvt. Ltd. Nature of Business- Advertising Designing Level to Expand-International Philosophy: At Eggfirst BBN India, we share similar sentiments. And to achieve that, we work that extra hard. We put in that extra effort. We stretch that extra mile. And it all directly translates into superlative work for you. We follow the old fashioned mantra your success is our glory. Values- Integrity Honesty in every action Commitment On the foundation of integrity, doing whatever it takes to deliver, as promised. Passion Missionary zeal arising out of an emotional engagement with work Seamlessness Thinking and working together across functional silos, hierarchy levels, businesses And geographies. Strategy Planning and Research It all starts with providing a strategic direction for clients objectives. Strategy Planning:Putting years of experience and expertise to use, they formulate a unique, insightful strategy to successfully achieve clients marketing objectives. Market Research:Eggfirst backs their experience and knowledge by intensive and incisive research. Thoroughly analyzing the market conditions, current trends, case studies, competition and opportunitiesall to arrive at a winning strategy. Creative Strategy and Execution Eggfirst thoughts are often limited by a straightjacket of habits, norms, conventions and presumptions. Add to that iron boots of the fear of failure. Theres need to break-away from the constraints of traditionalism and explore the unknown. Unbound even by infinity. Thats exactly what Eggfirst do. They use creativity to give clients their brand the uniqueness. SERVICES Brand Building and Corporate Identity:A distinct brand identity that stands out from the crowd in a meaningful way. Campaign:Integrated messaging across media. Print:Strategically aligned and creatively driven ads newspaper, magazine and other print media. AV/ Multimedia:TVCs as well as audio-visual representation (linear or non-linear) for corporate presentations, product presentations, launch presentations, demo presentations, etc. Radio:Innovative, meaningful and effective radio jingles to communicate your message. Outdoor:Traditional outdoor collateral like hoardings, banners and bus-panels as well as BTL collateral such as wall paintings and shop-signages. Events, Exhibitions and Promotions:Event, Exhibition and Promotion specific campaigns that include theme ideation, pre-invitation mailers, stall backdrop design, event collateral design, AV presentation, post-event mailers and gift ideas. Internal Communication:Campaign ideation and execution for internally spreading specific messages like Customer Sensitivity, Employee/ Customer Feedback, Training/ Induction, CSR, IT Awareness, Voice of Employee, Employee Motivation etc Sales and Marketing Collateral:Newsletters, brochures, presentations, white papers, case studies, data sheets, POP collateral, posters, etc. Web:Interactive website using various technology platforms, Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Search Engine Marketing (SEM) to drive traffic, and online campaigns (banners, mailers, newsletters etc.) including pay-per-lead email campaign. Direct Marketing:Communicating on a one-on-one basis with clients target audience through direct mailers, SMS campaign, telemarketing and other traditional as well as innovative direct marketing tools. SWOT ANALYSIS- a) STENGTH- Satisfy all needs of their customers. Delivering on time Creative and innovative in advertisement segment Quality output They have global exposure as well, with higher rewards appreciation. Team working environment is very efficient. b) WEAKNESS- Relatively new player in an extremely competitive business sector Not active into ATL advertising yet c) OPPORTUNITIES Can enter the global markets to attract global customers. Clients coming with new products to get advertisement. d) THREAT- Established Players as Competitors from domestic and international market Customers preference and taste being changed every now and then Relatively naive in the ever-blooming Advertising industry. Eggfirst BBN India is the Indian arm of BBN International, based out of Mumbai, India. A full-service advertising agency, Eggfirst offers end-to-end creative solutions for various business challenges. They are passionate about creating and fostering brands. They have a simple purpose: Create brands that people will love remember and buy. Through a combination of research, strategy, creativity and technology, they help their clients discover the potential of their brand, and unleash it. Some successful Contract- Jab ghar ki raunak badhani ho, diwaron ko jab sajana ho†¦ Come to, Eggfirst BBN India. The India focused arm of BBN International, Eggfirst BBN India is a full service ad agency offering end-to-end creative solutions for energizing brands. Paani mein rehkar bhi yeh kam gale, dhero kapde dhoye aur zyaada chale! Thats what most clients look for in their ad agency and thats exactly what they will find at Eggfirst BBN India. Combining the agility speed of a Concorde and the performance reliability of a Boeing 747, Eggfirst will take your brand on an enriching journey of aah se ah-a tak. Zyaada de ujala, din-o-din chalne wala, Eggfirst has soaked in the Indian summer for years now. Working at the ground level with some of the leading brands in India, they have rolled delightfully in the muddy puddle of marketing advertising, only to realise daag achche hai. Dhero Kapde dhoye aur Zyaada chale. Thats Eggfirst. Coming to Eggfirst BBN India with a marketing problem is like going to a restaurant when youre really hungry. Theres everything you care for (End-to-end advertising solutions). It offers a seven course meal (Research, Branding strategy, Creative strategy, Creative rendition, Media planning, Media buying, Launch). With the flavouring of clients choice (Creative, direct, humorous, emotional). Every item on the platter gets Eggfirsts special attention right from the time of handpicking the raw materials till the time they lays it out for their clients. Its a wholesome experience. Not only will the delicious food leave the client satisfied and delighted, the quality of service will simply stun them. Media planning and buying The final frontier, connecting with clients target audience in the most effective way Each brand is unique. So how why should the medium be common? Long back, a farmer in England, who used to rent out his cows to companies, came up with a unique and an extremely effective marketing strategy. He sprayed company logos on the cows. This helped the companies get recognition and visibility; increasing their brand equity.. Media Planning:Planning a mix of media, a judicious blend of traditional and innovative, in a way that it helps clients break-through-the-clutter and reach out to their target audience effectively Media Buying:Capabilities to buy media that best suits the strategy. Moreover, ensuring that ‘non-availability is never an obstacle in clients path Windfall Translating a product into a brand; a successful brand its easier said than done. An exceptional brand success story is scripted with an exceptional culture. And thats precisely what clients will find at Eggfirst BBN India. And a lot more Globalization Integration of global expertise and network with incisive understanding of Indian conditions The sales and marketing harmony Driven by the understanding that sale is the ultimate aim and marketing the means. Adding value, subtracting expenses Focused on adding tangible value, reducing wastages If clients were a lanternEggfirst would be the oil. If clients were a pajama, Eggfirst would be the strings. Clients Oberoi Eureka Forbes Honeywell Johnson Johnson HDFC Bank Deutsche Bank Ten sports Star JP Morgan etc. Objective of the project: To infer whether Advertising/ Sales promotion helps Direct Sale and Brand Awareness. To make the awareness of the product. To let the customers know, what our product is, its benefit and advantages. How our product is different from competitors product. Methodology: The methodology followed in this project involved the following Phases: Ø Collection of Data Ø Type of the project Ø Analysis of Data Ø Conclusion Recommendation Data Collection- Data is collected by following methods- Qualitative Research: Primary Research Field Work. Secondary Research Online. Comparative/ Industry analysis Qualitative Research: Qualitative Research is about investigating the features of a market through in-depth research that explores the background and context for decision making. There are two main qualitative methods depth interviews and focus groups. However qualitative research can also include techniques such as usability testing, brainstorming sessions and vox pop surveys. Primary Research- Primary research involves gettingoriginal datadirectly about the product and market. Primary research data is data that did not exist before. It is designed to answer specific questions of interest to the business This is about filling up questionnaire, and the questionnaires were filled by Retailers as well as Consumers with two different sets of Questions. I have done research at following places. Western Suburbs: Kandivli 6.Santacruz Bandra 7. Jogeshwari Dadar 8. Malad Lower Parel 9. Andheri Powai 10. Goregaon South Bombay: Colaba Napean Sea Road Kemps Corner Central Suburbs: Kurla Chembur New Bombay: Farthest Vashi Sanpada Total Samples: 300 (min) Secondary Research- Secondary marketing research, or desk research,already exist in one form or another. It is relatively cheap, and can be conducted quite quickly .However, it tends to have been collected for reasons other than for the problem or objective at hand. So it may be untargeted, and difficult to use to make comparisons (e.g. financial data gather on Australian pensions will be different to data on Italian pensions). Comparative/ Industry analysis- Comparative or industry analysis is includes analysis with respect to another player in the same field. It gives real picture where product stands in the market. Type of the project- Market research project Analysis of Data This involves analysis of data collected by above methods. Conclusion Recommendation After completion of the entire analysis, interpretation recommendation were made on the basis of figures and diagrams. Limitations of the study: Inadequate information. Sample Size. Cannot disclose the product name as per companys guideline. Misleading answers that might affect our conclusion. Unwillingness of the Retailer to answer. Biases and prejudice due to Sales margins on the Retailers opinions. Market size of aluminium foil- Aluminium foil is widely used, the experts according to their characteristics of different applications, it is divided into more than 20 varieties. Different countries due to differences in levels of economic development, consumption structure of aluminium foil big gap there. Developed countries in Europe and the United States, aluminium foil packaging products for 70 percent of the total demand. In the Chinese market, aluminium is mainly used as industrial raw materials; manufacturing, packaging and aluminium foil only 30 percent of the total domestic demand. Into the 21st century, market competition and product homogeneity of trends, to stimulate the rapid development of the product packaging. 2002, the global packaging market size has more than 500 billion U.S. dollars The estimated markets for aluminium foil containers are as follows: Competitive Analysis of Alumunium foil: The above analysis shows that who the major players in aluminium industry. Hindalco holds the 1st position and Gul Foil is on 5th position. LITERATURE REVIEW What is Aluminum Foil- Aluminium foil is the thin metal leaf aluminium with a thickness of not more than 0.2 mm. However, most commonly used foils have thickness of 0.006 mm. It is used for various reasons like, packaging of food, packaging of pharmaceuticals product etc. Packaging today responds to consumers demands for choice and convenience as well as changed production and distribution conditions and systems. By safeguarding product quality, packaging allows products to be transported and distributed locally, regionally and even globally, thereby making valuable food resources available to a wider population. In modern households, people increasingly turn to the use of fully-prepared meals, canned and frozen foods, in a wide variety of portion sizes, to save time in cooking and preparing meals. Packaging makes this possible. Raw Materials Aluminum numbers among the most abundant elements: after oxygen and silicon, it is the most plentiful element found in the earths surface, making up over eight percent of the crust to a depth of ten miles and appearing in almost every common rock. However, aluminum does not occur in its pure, metallic form but rather as hydrated aluminum oxide (a mixture of water and alumina) combined with silica, iron oxide, and titania. The most significant aluminum ore is bauxite, named after the French town of Les Baux where it was discovered in 1821. Bauxite contains iron and hydrated aluminum oxide, with the latter representing its largest constituent material. At present, bauxite is plentiful enough so that only deposits with an aluminum oxide content of forty-five percent or more are mined to make aluminum. Concentrated deposits are found in both the northern and southern hemispheres, with most of the ore used in the United States coming from the West Indies, North America, and Australia. Since bauxite occurs so close to the earths surface, mining procedures are relatively simple. Explosives are used to open up large pits in bauxite beds, after which the top layers of dirt and rock are cleared away. The exposed ore is then removed with front end loaders, piled in trucks or railroad cars, and transported to processing plants. Bauxite is heavy (ge nerally, one ton of aluminum can be produced from four to six tons of the ore), so, to reduce the cost of transporting it, these plants are often situated as close as possible to the bauxite mines. The Manufacturing Process Extracting pure aluminum from bauxite entails two processes. First, the ore is refined to eliminate impurities such as iron oxide, silica, titania, and water. Then, the resultant aluminum oxide is smelted to produce pure aluminum. After that, the aluminum is rolled to produce foil. Refining—Bayer process The Bayer process used to refine bauxite comprises four steps: digestion, clarification, precipitation, and calcinations. During the digestion stage, the bauxite is ground and mixed with sodium hydroxide before being pumped into large, pressurized tanks. In these tanks, called digesters, the combination of sodium hydroxide, heat, and pressure breaks the ore down into a saturated solution of sodium aluminates and insoluble contaminants, which settle to the bottom. The next phase of the process, clarification, entails sending the solution and the contaminants through a set of tanks and presses. During this stage, cloth filters trap the contaminants, which are then disposed of. After being filtered once again, the remaining solution is transported to a cooling tower. In the next stage, precipitation, the aluminum oxide solution moves into a large silo, where, in an adaptation of the Deville method, the fluid is seeded with crystals of hydrated aluminum to promote the formation of aluminum particles. Calcinations, the final step in the Bayer refinement process. Smelting Smelting, which separates the aluminum-oxygen compound (alumina) produced by the Bayer process, is the next step in extracting pure, metallic aluminum from bauxite. Although the procedure currently used derives from the electrolytic method invented contemporaneously by Charles Hall and Paul-Louis-Toussaint Hà ©roult in the late nineteenth century, it has been modernized. First, the alumina is dissolved in a smelting cell, a deep steel mold lined with carbon and filled with a heated liquid conductor that consists mainly of the aluminum compound cryolite. Next, an electric current is run through the cryolite, causing a crust to form over the top of the alumina melt. When additional alumina is periodically stirred into the mixture, this crust is broken and stirred in as well. As the alumina dissolves, it electrolytically decomposes to produce a layer of pure, molten aluminum on the bottom of the smelting cell. The oxygen merges with the carbon used to line the cell and escapes in the form of carbon dioxide. Rolling foil After the foil stock is made, it must be reduced in thickness to make the foil. This is accomplished in a rolling mill, where the material is passed several times through metal rolls called work rolls. As the sheets (or webs) of aluminum pass through the rolls, they are squeezed thinner and extruded through the gap between the rolls. The work rolls are paired with heavier rolls called backup rolls, which apply pressure to help maintain the stability of the work rolls. This helps to hold the product dimensions within tolerances. The work and backup rolls rotate in opposite directions. Lubricants are added to facilitate the rolling process. During this rolling process, the aluminum occasionally must be annealed (heat-treated) to maintain its workability. As the foil sheets come through the rollers, they are trimmed and slitted with circular or razor-like knives installed on the roll mill. Trimming refers to the edges of the foil, while slitting involves cutting the foil into several sheets. These steps are used to produce narrow coiled widths, to trim the edges of coated or laminated stock, and to produce rectangular pieces. For certain fabricating and converting operations, webs that have been broken during rolling must be joined back together, or spliced. Common types of splices for joining webs of plain foil and/or backed foil include ultrasonic, heat-sealing tape, pressure-sealing tape, and electric welded. The ultrasonic splice uses a solid-state weld—made with an ultrasonic transducer—in the overlapped metal. Finishing processes For many applications, foil is used in I V / combination with other materials. It can be coated with a wide range of materials, such as polymers and resins, for decorative, protective, or heat-sealing purposes. It can be laminated to papers, paperboards, and plastic films. It can also be cut, formed into any shape, printed, embossed, slit into strips, sheeted, etched, and anodized. Once the foil is in its final state, it is packaged accordingly and shipped to the customer. Quality Control In addition to in-process control of such parameters as temperature and time, the finished foil product must meet certain requirements. For instance, different converting processes and end users have been found to require varying degrees of dryness on the foil surface for satisfactory performance. A wet ability test is used to determine the dryness. In this test, different solutions of ethyl alcohol in distilled water, in increments of ten percent by volume, are poured in a uniform stream onto the foil surface. If no drops form, the wet ability is zero. The process is continued until it is determined what minimum percent of alcohol solution will completely wet the foil surface. Other important properties are thickness and tensile strength. Standard test methods have been developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Thickness is determined by weighing a sample and measuring its area, and then dividing the weight by the product of the area times the alloy density. Tension testing of foil must be carefully controlled because test results can be affected by rough edges and the presence of small defects, as well as other variables. The sample is placed in a grip and a tensile or pulling force is applied until fracture of the sample occurs. The force or strength required to break the sample is measured. The Future of Aluminium Foil The popularity of aluminum foil, especially for flexible packaging, will continue to grow. Four-sided, fin-sealed pouches have gained wide popularity for military, medical, and retail food applications and, in larger sizes, for institutional food service packs. Pouches have also been introduced for packaging 1.06 to 4.75 gallons (4-18 litres) of wine for both retail and restaurant markets, and for other food service markets. In addition, other products continue to be developed for other applications. The increase in popularity of microwave ovens has resulted in the development of several forms of aluminum-based semi-rigid containers designed specifically for these ovens. More recently, special cooking foils for barbecuing have been developed. However, even aluminum foil is being scrutinized in regard to its environmental friendliness. Hence, manufacturers are increasing their efforts in the recycling area; in fact, all U.S. foil producers have begun recycling programs even though aluminum foils total tonnage and capture rate is much lower than that of the easy-to-recycle aluminum cans. Aluminum foil already has the advantage of being light and small, which helps reduce its contribution to the solid waste stream. In fact, laminated aluminum foil packaging represents just 17/lOOths of one percent of the U.S. solid waste. For packaging waste, the most promising solution may be source reduction. For instance, packaging 65 pounds (29.51 kilograms) of coffee in steel cans requires 20 pounds (9.08 kilograms) of steel but only three pounds (4.08 kilograms) of laminated packaging including aluminum foil. Such packaging also takes up less space in the landfill. The Aluminum Associations Foil Division is even developing an educational program on aluminum foil for universities and professional packaging designers in order to help inform such designers of the benefits of switching to flexible packaging. Aluminum foil also uses less energy during both manufacturing and distribution, with in-plant scrap being recycled. In fact, recycled aluminum, including cans and foil, accounts for over 30 percent of the industrys yearly supply of metal. This number has been increasing for several years and is expected to continue. In addition, processes used during foil manufacturing are being improved to reduce air pollution and hazardous waste. Few Brands prevailing in the market. FRESHWRAPP SUPERWRAP HOMEFOIL NUTRIWRAP JACKSON FRESHWRAPP: Hindalco is Asias largest integrated primary producer of aluminium and among the most cost-efficient producers globally. Its house foil brands include Superwrap, Freshwrapp and Freshpakk semi-rigid containers, which are convenient and popular with consumers. Delivering never-before-tried solutions to customers in India and across the globe, Hindalco has the distinction of being Indias premier supplier of foil and foil laminates — plain lacquered and printed Hindalcos best quality of Food Wrapping Foil that are basically used for wrapping food items such as chapatti, sandwiches and others. The product are available in different types of specification, they are made and developed from high quality materials. These products are available in different types specification. 11 micron X 300 mm 72 mtrs , 18 mtrs , 9 mtrs , 120 grams , 50 grams SUPERWRAP: Store About this product: Superwrap Aluminium Foil by Hindalco 72metre Keeps the food fresh and hygienic wherever you take.with this new Superwrap Pure Aluminium Foil by Hindalco. Mfg. by HINDALCO INDUSTRIES LTD. (foil division) HOMEFOIL: Hygienically safe for wrapping, storing, covering, sealing, baking and grilling of food products. Keeps food warm and fresh, with aroma and taste intact. Unique rust proof cutter for easy dispensing. Homefoil Jumbo Blue 75m x 300mm Code :A14HJB Homefoil Jumbo Yellow 35m x 300m, 500 gm Wt. Extra thick Code :A12JY Homefoil Jumbo Red 99m x 300mm Code :A8HJR NUTRIWRAP- Nutriwrap is aluminium foil which is mainly used for food packaging. It is an 11 micron aluminium foil which can be used for sweet boxes and Tiffin packaging. Ø 11 micron being used against market standard of 9 micron Ø matching international standards Ø embossed foil being launched for the first time in india Ø better strength more value for money Ø edge over competitors Products: Ø 9 meters pack (economy, standard, premium ) for house hold use. Ø special economy size of 225mm width introduced for sweet boxes . Ø 18 meters institutional pack . Ø 72 meter jumbo pack for bulk users (hotels, mass catering) Ø pull-up sheets for roti-wrap, sandwich-wrap, fast food / snacks restaurant. Why Aluminium Foil Freezer-to-oven convenience The only packaging that can withstand extreme temperature changes, aluminum can go from the freezer to the oven to the table saving time during food preparation. Microwaveability Its true aluminiumfoil containers can be used in microwave ovens!In fact, foods heat more thoroughly in aluminium than in plastic and retain more of their original texture and flavor. Transportability Aluminium containers are leak-resistant, sturdy, stackable, and keep foods fresher than plastic or Styrofoam containers. Easy clean up Choose easy clean-up or no clean-up. After cooking, save your aluminum containers and recycle them. Tri-oven ability Not only can aluminium containers be used in a microwave oven, they also stand up to conventional ovens and toaster ovens without melting, charring, or compromising the foods original flavour. These attractive properties of rolled aluminium used in packaging can be summarised (1) Durability and Strength Aluminium foil is commonly produced in the 1000 series alloys, alloyed only with iron and silicon. These alloys work harden when subject to cold deformation. The thickness (gauge), alloy and temper can be chosen so that the exact properties required can be achieved. Stamped foil containers therefore retain their shape and rigidity. (2) Lightness The low density and thinner sections of aluminium compared with some competing packaging materials means a reduced weight, saving energy in transport. (3) Thermal Conductivity Aluminium is an excellent conductor of heat and therefore the chilling and heating of the contents of aluminium packaging can take place quickly, with minimal thermal gradients. (4) Heat Resistance Aluminium packaging resists a very wide range of temperature, from the very cold to the very hot. There is no risk of cracking, melting or burning. Aluminium packaging products can be stored in the coldest deep freeze and heated in the hottest oven. (5) Barrier Properties Aluminium foil acts as a total barrier to light, gases and liquids and can extend the useful life of foodstuffs for long periods of time, measured in years. (6) Food and Drink Compatibility The vast majority of foods and drinks have no adverse effects on uncoated aluminium, so there is no contamination. With very acid or alkali ingredients a wide range of food-contact coatings are available affording full protection to the contents of the foil packaging or the can. (7) Decorative Potential Aluminium foil and can stock is compatible with all printing processes so that the contents of the foil or the can be attractively

Japanese tea room :: essays papers

Japanese tea room Japan is a small country, however most people know this country. One of the reason is that the manufacturing industry is world-famous. Especially, cars and appliances which are small, functional and also economical. And these products show exactly Japanese spirit which can say Japanese culture. When we discuss about Japan, we can't forget considering traditional Japanese culture. I will discus about the tea ceremony (cha-no-yu), which one of the most important Japanese culture. The tea ceremony began to reach maturity in the early Muromachi period when the shogun and select menders of his aesthetic circle met to admire choice Chinese tea wares and game at guessing the provenance of various types of tea. But its transformation into a true art form with spiritual dimensions is due to the influence of three men. The fist was Murata Juko, a student of Zen and curator of Chinese art for shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa. He and Yoshimasa would meet at the latter 's silver Pavilion and drink tea in Chinese utensils in the Dojinsai room of the Togudo. Tea, and especially the collectiing of utensils, was also popular among the wealthy merchants of Sakai City (Osaka). One of these merchants, Takeno Joo, took his interest in tea far beyond acquisition into the influence of Juko 's thought, did much to develop the wabi ideal of refined rusticity that became one of the central elements of tea taste. Wabi tea reached its mature expression under the third of these great tea masters, Sen no Rikyu. There is a story of Rikyu, which well illustrates the ideas of cleanliness entertained by the tea-masters. Rikyu was watching his son Sho-an as he swept and watered the garden path. "Not clean enough," said Rikyu, when Sho-an had finished his task, and bade him try again. After a weary hour the son turned to Rikyu: "Father, there is nothing more to be done. The steps have been washed for the third time, the stone lanterns and the trees are well sprinkled with water, moss and lichens are shining with a fresh verdure; not a twig, not a leaf have I left on the ground." "Young fool," chided the tea master, " that is not the way a garden path should be swept." Saying this, Rikyu stepped into the garden, shook a tree and scattered over the garden gold and crimson leaves, scraps of the brocade of autumn! What Rikyu demanded was not cleanliness alone, but the beautiful and the natural also.